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Thursday, May 8, 2008

FERTIGATION SYSTEMS - Nutrient Delivery Systems & Solutions

SISTEM PENYALURAN ZAT



1) Sistem Asas - Sistem tanpa kitaran semula/ruang udara atau sistem 'rakit' di mana akar tergantung kibawah menyentuh larutan zat. Sistem asas 'sumbu' di mana zat dihantar ke sumbu yang mudah menyerap ke media agregat di mana akar tumbuh

2) Sistem Kompleks - Sistem yang dikitar semula, penyaluran atas, Autopot, NFT atau Aeroponik yang memerlukan pam untuk menyalurkan zat dari kawasan takungan atau dari beberapa tangki kepada tanaman melalui paip-paip PVC, Poly, tiub-tuib penitis dan sebagainya.

LARUTAN ZAT

Larutan zat untuk tanaman Hidroponik bermula dari punca bekalan air. Pengusaha Hidroponik boleh mendapatkan punca air daripada:

1) Bekalan Air utama 2) Perigi-perigi 3) Air sungai atau air bukit 4) Tempat takungan air hujan

Bekalan air haruslah mempunyai kuantiti & kualiti yang sesuai:

Kuantiti - Mestilah cukup untuk tanaman atau untuk tujuan penyejukan. Contoh, untuk tanaman Hidroponik Tomato, biasanya memerlukan 4Liter/pokok/hari atau jika 2.5pokok/m2, maka 10 Liter/m2/hari

Kualiti - Faktor2 yang diambil kira ialah nilai pH, EC (kepekatan garam) dan kehadiran bahan cemar
  1. pH - Mengukur kadar keasidan larutan (skala 0 - 14). Kaedah menguji pH - Kertas Litmus/pH meter. Bagi kebanyakan pokok, pH 5-7, untuk Tomato = 5.8 - 6.3. pH di atas 7 selalunya menyebabkan masalah pengagihan zat. Di bawah pH 5 pula akan menghambat penyerapan zat oleh pokok menyebabkannya kekurangan zat serta membantutkan kadar pertumbuhannya.
  2. EC - Mengukur jumlah garam di dalam larutan. Air yang murni tidak boleh mengalirkan arus elektrik, EC = 0. Semakin tinggi kandungan garam, semakin tinggi nilai E.C. Unit ukuran adalah dalam mS/cm. Kawasan2 tertentu mengandungi tahap garam yang berbeza di dalam punca airnya: * Kandungan Boron, Florida, Klorida, Sulfat dan Sodium yang tinggi akan menyebabkan pertumbuhan tanaman menjadi lembab.*Kadar zat besi yang tinggi boleh menyebabkan bintik-bintik seperti karat pada daun tanaman.*Tahap garam yang tinggi juga boleh menyebabkan timbunan garam pada pad penyejuk yang akhirnya perlu diganti dengan lebih kerap
  3. TDS (total disolved solids) - Untuk mengukur bahan cemar iaitu kehadiran bahan2 logam berat dalam kandungan bekalan air. Kandungan bahan Plumbum, Kadmium, Aluminium yang tinggi di dalam air boleh diasingkan/ditapis atau diserap oleh tanaman dalam jumlah yang sedikit tetapi tidak mendatangkan apa-apa bahaya pada tanaman

_______________________________________________________________
NUTRIENT DELIVERY SYSTEMS

  1. Simple systems: Non-recirculating/air gap system or the raft system where the roots hang down directly into the nutrient solution. Basic wick system in which the nutrient solution is drawn up by an absorbent wick into an aggregate where the roots grow.
  2. Complex systems: The flood and drain, top feeder, NFT or Aeroponic systems all of which require pumps to move the nutrient solution from a reservoir or series of tanks to the plants via PVC, poly and drip tubing, emitters, etc.

NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS


The importance of good quantity/quality water for hydroponic plant production:
Any hydroponic nutrient solution begins with the “source water”. A grower can obtain source water from:
1) City water supply 2) Private wells 3) Water harvesting (channeling rain water into catchments)

The source water must have the appropriate quantity and quality:

Quantity: There must be sufficient water available for plants and for cooling. Ex: For tomatoes in greenhouse hydroponics: ~4 liters/plant/day or if 2.5 plants/m2, then 10 liters/m2/day.
If evaporative cooling is used, especially in desert areas, water needs may be doubled!

Quality: Factors to consider include pH, EC (salt levels) and contaminants:

1) pH: The p(Potential of) H(ydrogen): Acid or base character of the water. pH = - log [H+] (neg. log of the H+ conc.) Scale = 0-14 Ex:
  • If [H] = 10-7, then pH = 7 (Neutral)
  • If [H] = 10-4, then pH = 4 (Acidic)
  • If [H] = 10-9, then pH = 9 (Basic)
Ways to test the pH: Litmus paper (color change), pH meter (analog or digital)- meas. [H+]
For most plants: pH 5 – 7. For tomatoes: 5.8 – 6.3. Above pH 7 may cause problems with nutrient uptake. Below pH 5 may cause abnormal absorption of certain ions resulting in deficiencies or toxicities.

2) EC (Electrical conductivity): a measure of the total salts in water. Pure water (no salts) does not conduct electricity: EC = 0. The higher the salt levels, the higher the EC. Measured in: mS/cm (milli-Siemens per centimeter)
Elevated salt levels: Certain geographic areas have high salt levels in the water :
  • High boron, fluoride, chloride, sulfates and sodium: -Can cause poor plant growth. -May influence soluble salt levels in the water.
  • High iron, especially in “hard water” (having high Ca and Mg): -Can cause rusty spots on leaves with overhead irrigation.
  • High salt levels can also cause rapid salt buildup on cooling pads. -May need to bleed off and replace pad water regularly.
3) TDS (total dissolved solids): Heavy metal contaminants: Certain geographic areas have high levels in the soil and/or water: High lead, cadmium, aluminum, silver, etc.: -May be excluded or absorbed on a limited basis by plants. -May be absorbed and stored (but not toxic to the plants).



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